Data Analytics Reference Stack¶

This guide explains how to use the DARS, and to optionally build your own DARS container image.

Any system that supports Docker* containers can be used with DARS. The steps in this guide use Clear Linux* OS as the host system.

Overview
Using the Docker images
Using Apache Spark* in DARS
Using Apache Hadoop in DARS
Deploy DARS on Kubernetes*
Troubleshooting

Overview ¶

The Data Analytics Reference Stack (DARS) provides developers and enterprises a straightforward, highly optimized software stack for storing and processing large amounts of data. More detail is available on the DARS architecture and performance benchmarks.

Stack Features¶

The Data Analytics Reference Stack provides two pre-built Docker images, available on Docker Hub:

A Clear Linux OS-derived DARS with OpenBlas stack optimized for OpenBLAS
A Clear Linux OS-derived DARS with Intel® MKL stack optimized for MKL (Intel® Math Kernel Library)

We recommend you view the latest component versions for each image in the releasenote found in the Data Analytics Reference Stack GitHub* repository. Because Clear Linux OS is a rolling distribution, the package version numbers in the Clear Linux OS-based containers may not be the latest released by Clear Linux OS.

Note

The Data Analytics Reference Stack is a collective work, and each piece of software within the work has its own license. Please see the DARS Terms of Use for more details about licensing and usage of the Data Analytics Reference Stack.

Using the Docker images ¶

Launching the Image¶

To use the latest stable DARS images, pull an image directly from Docker Hub. This example uses the DARS with Intel® MKL Docker image.
```
docker pull clearlinux/stacks-dars-mkl
```

Once you have downloaded the image, you can run it with this command, which will launch the image and drop you into a bash shell inside the container.

docker run -it --ulimit nofile=1000000:1000000 --name mkl --network host --rm -i -t <name-of-image>

Command Flags

--ulimit nofile= is required in order to increase the allowed number of open files for the Apache Spark* engine.

--name can be any name of your choice. This guide is using mkl

--network host enables the host machine’s IP address to be used to access the container.

If you need to verify the name of the DARS image for the <name-of-image> flag, you can use the docker image ls command to see which images reside on your system.

docker image ls

REPOSITORY                                                   TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
clearlinux/stacks-dars-mkl                                   test-img            49a70a22231f        23 hours ago        2.66GB
ubuntu                                                       latest              2ca708c1c9cc        7 days ago          64.2MB
katadocker/kata-deploy                                       latest              bd6dc92f8060        7 days ago          673MB
clearlinux/stacks-dars-mkl                                   latest              2c9555536d5f        4 weeks ago         2.62GB

Note

All of the DARS components are compiled on Open JDK11*. The container will have preinstalled JDK11 at /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.11.0-openjdk/ and it has been set as the default Java version. While the DARS containers also contain Open JDK8, it is not covered in this guide.

Building DARS images¶

If you choose to build your own DARS container images, you can customize them as needed. Use the Dockerfile included in the Github* repository as your baseline.

To construct images with Clear Linux OS, start with a Clear Linux OS development platform that has the containers-basic-dev bundle installed. Learn more about bundles and installing them by using swupd.

The Data Analytics Reference Stack is part of the Intel® stacks GitHub* repository. Clone the stacks repository.
```
git clone https://github.com/intel/stacks.git
```
Inside the stacks/dars/clearlinux/mkl directory, use docker with the Dockerfile to build the MKL image.
```
cd ./stacks/dars/clearlinux/mkl
docker build --no-cache -t clearlinux/stacks-dars-mkl .
```
Once completed, check the resulting images with Docker
```
docker images | grep dars
```
You can use any of the resulting images to launch fully functional containers. If you need to customize the containers, you can edit the provided Dockerfile.

Note

The environment variables for Apache Hadoop* and Apache Spark have been configured in the Dockerfile for the DARS container. For Apache Hadoop* use /etc/hadoop as HADOOP_CONF_DIR folder. For Apache Spark use /etc/spark as SPARK_CONF_DIR folder.

Using Apache Spark* in DARS ¶

After launching the container, you can start Apache Spark with either the Scala or PySpark environment. For these examples we will use PySpark, which is the Python* API for Apache Spark.

pyspark

Launching is as simple as this. Depending on your system configuration and capabilities, you may need to define proxy or memory allocation settings on the command line or in a config file for optimal performance. Refer to the Apache Spark documentation for more detail.

After executing pyspark, you will see output similar to this.

root@fd5155b89857 /root # pyspark
  Welcome to
      ____              __
     / __/__  ___ _____/ /__
     _\ \/ _ \/ _ `/ __/  '_/
    /__ / .__/\_,_/_/ /_/\_\   version 2.4.0
       /_/

  Using Python version 3.7.4 (default, Jul 13 2019 06:59:17)
  SparkSession available as 'spark'.
  >>>

Execute code directly in PySpark¶

A simple example for verifying that pyspark is working correctly is to run a small python function from a PySpark getting started guide to estimate the value of Pi. Run these lines in the PySpark shell.

import random
NUM_SAMPLES = 100000000
def inside(p):
 x, y = random.random(), random.random()
 return x*x + y*y < 1

count = sc.parallelize(range(0, NUM_SAMPLES)).filter(inside).count()
pi = 4 * count / NUM_SAMPLES
print(“Pi is roughly”, pi)

Run Python programs with spark-submit¶

You can also run python scripts in Apache Spark from the command line. We’ll use the Apache Spark example found in the /usr/share/apache-spark/examples/src/main/python/pi.py file. Note that we have turned off the INFO and WARN messages in Apache Spark for this example.

#spark-submit /usr/share/apache-spark/examples/src/main/python/pi.py
Config directory: /usr/share/defaults/spark/
Pi is roughly 3.134700

DARS Usecase example¶

The DARS container is used in conjunction with the Deep Learning Reference Stack container to implement a real world use case. Refer to the Github Issue Classification Usecase found in the stacks-usecase repository for a walkthrough. This usecase is implemented using the Scala environment, rather than PySpark.

Using Apache Hadoop in DARS ¶

Apache Hadoop is an open source framework allowing for distributed processing of large data sets across clusters of computers using simple programming models. This framework is designed to scale up from a few servers to thousands of machines, each offering local computation and storage.

Single Node Hadoop Cluster Setup¶

In this mode, all the daemons involved (e.g., the DataNode, NameNode, TaskTracker, JobTracker) run as Java processes on the same machine. This setup is useful for developing and testing Apache Hadoop applications.

The components of an Apache Hadoop Cluster are described below:

NameNode manages HDFS storage. HDFS exposes a filesystem namespace and allows user data to be stored in files. Internally a file is split into one or more blocks and these blocks are stored in a set of DataNodes.
DataNode is also known as Slave node. It is responsible for storing and managing the data in that node and responds to the NameNode for all filesystem operations.
JobTracker is a master which creates and runs the job through tasktrackers. It also tracks resource availability and task lifecycle management.
TaskTracker manages the processing resources on each worker node and send status updates to the JobTracker periodically.

Configuration¶

To setup a single node cluster, run a DARS container with the following flags:

docker run --ulimit nofile=1000000:1000000 -ti --rm --network host clearlinux/stacks-dars-mkl cp -r -n /usr/share/defaults/hadoop/* /etc/hadoop

In the running container, set configuration in the /etc/hadoop/mapred-site.xml file

<configuration>
    <property>
        <name>mapreduce.framework.name</name>
        <value>yarn</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>yarn.app.mapreduce.am.env</name>
        <value>HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME=${HADOOP_HOME}</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>mapreduce.map.env</name>
        <value>HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME=${HADOOP_HOME}</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>mapreduce.reduce.env</name>
        <value>HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME=${HADOOP_HOME}</value>
    </property>
 </configuration>

Set up the /etc/hadoop/yarn-site.xml as follows

<configuration>
    <property>
        <name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services</name>
        <value>mapreduce_shuffle</value>
    </property>

    <property>
        <name>yarn.nodemanager.auxservices.mapreduce.shuffle.class</name>
        <value>org.apache.hadoop.mapred.ShuffleHandler</value>
    </property>
</configuration>

Start the Apache Hadoop daemons¶

Format the NameNode server using this command:
```
hdfs namenode -format
```

Start the Apache Hadoop services

HDFS Namenode service :

hdfs --daemon start namenode

HDFS Datanode service :

hdfs --daemon start datanode

Yarn ResourceManager :

yarn --daemon start resourcemanager

Yarn NodeManager :

yarn --daemon start nodemanager

jobhistory service :

mapred --daemon start historyserver

Verify the nodes are alive with this command:

yarn node -list 2

Your output will look similar to:

Total Nodes:1
   Node-Id             Node-State Node-Http-Address       Number-of-Running-Containers
<hostname>:43489            RUNNING <hostname>:8042                      0

Example application¶

Apache Hadoop comes packages with a set of example applications. In this example we will show how to use the cluster to calculate Pi. The JAR file containing the compiled class can be found on your running DARS container at /usr/share/hadoop/mapreduce/hadoop-mapreduce-examples-3.2.0.jar

hadoop jar /usr/share/hadoop/mapreduce/hadoop-mapreduce-examples-$(hadoop version | grep Hadoop | cut -d ' ' -f2).jar pi 16 100

Deploy DARS on Kubernetes*¶

Many containerized workloads are deployed in clusters managed by orchestration software like Kubernetes.

Prerequisites¶

A running Kubernetes cluster at version >= 1.6 with access configured to it using kubectl.
You must have appropriate permissions to list, create, edit and delete pods in your cluster.
The service account credentials used by the driver pods must be allowed to create pods, services and configmaps.
You must have Kubernetes DNS configured in your cluster.

Note

To ensure that Kubernetes is correctly installed and configured for Clear Linux OS, follow the instructions in Kubernetes*.

For this example we will create the following Dockerfile

cat > $(pwd)/Dockerfile << 'EOF'
ARG DERIVED_IMAGE
FROM ${DERIVED_IMAGE}

RUN mkdir -p /etc/passwd /etc/pam.d /opt/spark/conf /opt/spark/work-dir

RUN set -ex && \
    rm /bin/sh && \
    ln -sv /bin/bash /bin/sh && \
    touch /etc/pam.d/su \
    echo "auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid" >> /etc/pam.d/su && \
    chgrp root /etc/passwd && chmod ug+rw /etc/passwd

RUN ln -s /usr/share/apache-spark/jars/ /opt/spark/ && \
    ln -s /usr/share/apache-spark/bin/ /opt/spark/ && \
    ln -s /usr/share/apache-spark/sbin/ /opt/spark/ && \
    ln -s /usr/share/apache-spark/examples/ /opt/spark/ && \
    ln -s /usr/share/apache-spark/kubernetes/tests/ /opt/spark/ && \
    ln -s /usr/share/apache-spark/data/ /opt/spark/ && \
    ln -s /etc/spark/* /opt/spark/conf/

COPY entrypoint.sh /opt/
ENV JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.11.0-openjdk
ENV PATH="${JAVA_HOME}/bin:${PATH}"
ENV SPARK_HOME /opt/spark
WORKDIR /opt/spark/work-dir
ENTRYPOINT [ "/opt/entrypoint.sh" ]
EOF

Create the entrypoint.sh file. The Dockerfile requires an entrypoint script, to allow spark-submit to interact with the container.

cat > $(pwd)/entrypoint.sh << 'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
#
# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
# contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
# The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
# the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#

# echo commands to the terminal output
set -ex

# Check whether there is a passwd entry for the container UID
myuid=$(id -u)
mygid=$(id -g)
# turn off -e for getent because it will return error code in anonymous uid case
set +e
uidentry=$(getent passwd $myuid)
set -e

# If there is no passwd entry for the container UID, attempt to create one
if [ -z "$uidentry" ] ; then
    if [ -w /etc/passwd ] ; then
        echo "$myuid:x:$myuid:$mygid:anonymous uid:$SPARK_HOME:/bin/false" >> /etc/passwd
    else
        echo "Container ENTRYPOINT failed to add passwd entry for anonymous UID"
    fi
fi

SPARK_K8S_CMD="$1"
case "$SPARK_K8S_CMD" in
    driver | driver-py | driver-r | executor)
      shift 1
      ;;
    "")
      ;;
    *)
      echo "Non-spark-on-k8s command provided, proceeding in pass-through mode..."
      exec /sbin/tini -s -- "$@"
      ;;
esac

SPARK_CLASSPATH="$SPARK_CLASSPATH:${SPARK_HOME}/jars/*"
env | grep SPARK_JAVA_OPT_ | sort -t_ -k4 -n | sed 's/[^=]*=\(.*\)/\1/g' > /tmp/java_opts.txt
readarray -t SPARK_EXECUTOR_JAVA_OPTS < /tmp/java_opts.txt

if [ -n "$SPARK_EXTRA_CLASSPATH" ]; then
  SPARK_CLASSPATH="$SPARK_CLASSPATH:$SPARK_EXTRA_CLASSPATH"
fi

if [ -n "$PYSPARK_FILES" ]; then
    PYTHONPATH="$PYTHONPATH:$PYSPARK_FILES"
fi

PYSPARK_ARGS=""
if [ -n "$PYSPARK_APP_ARGS" ]; then
    PYSPARK_ARGS="$PYSPARK_APP_ARGS"
fi

R_ARGS=""
if [ -n "$R_APP_ARGS" ]; then
    R_ARGS="$R_APP_ARGS"
fi

if [ "$PYSPARK_MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION" == "2" ]; then
    pyv="$(python -V 2>&1)"
    export PYTHON_VERSION="${pyv:7}"
    export PYSPARK_PYTHON="python"
    export PYSPARK_DRIVER_PYTHON="python"
elif [ "$PYSPARK_MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION" == "3" ]; then
    pyv3="$(python3 -V 2>&1)"
    export PYTHON_VERSION="${pyv3:7}"
    export PYSPARK_PYTHON="python3"
    export PYSPARK_DRIVER_PYTHON="python3"
fi

case "$SPARK_K8S_CMD" in
  driver)
    CMD=(
      "$SPARK_HOME/bin/spark-submit"
      --conf "spark.driver.bindAddress=$SPARK_DRIVER_BIND_ADDRESS"
      --deploy-mode client
      "$@"
    )
    ;;
  driver-py)
    CMD=(
      "$SPARK_HOME/bin/spark-submit"
      --conf "spark.driver.bindAddress=$SPARK_DRIVER_BIND_ADDRESS"
      --deploy-mode client
      "$@" $PYSPARK_PRIMARY $PYSPARK_ARGS
    )
    ;;
    driver-r)
    CMD=(
      "$SPARK_HOME/bin/spark-submit"
      --conf "spark.driver.bindAddress=$SPARK_DRIVER_BIND_ADDRESS"
      --deploy-mode client
      "$@" $R_PRIMARY $R_ARGS
    )
    ;;
  executor)
    CMD=(
      ${JAVA_HOME}/bin/java
      "${SPARK_EXECUTOR_JAVA_OPTS[@]}"
      -Xms$SPARK_EXECUTOR_MEMORY
      -Xmx$SPARK_EXECUTOR_MEMORY
      -cp "$SPARK_CLASSPATH"
      org.apache.spark.executor.CoarseGrainedExecutorBackend
      --driver-url $SPARK_DRIVER_URL
      --executor-id $SPARK_EXECUTOR_ID
      --cores $SPARK_EXECUTOR_CORES
      --app-id $SPARK_APPLICATION_ID
      --hostname $SPARK_EXECUTOR_POD_IP
    )
    ;;

  *)
    echo "Unknown command: $SPARK_K8S_CMD" 1>&2
    exit 1
esac

# Execute the container CMD
exec "${CMD[@]}"
EOF

Make entrypoint.sh executable
```
sudo chmod +x $(pwd)/entrypoint.sh
```
Build the Docker image, for this example we will use dars_k8s_spark for the name of the image.
```
docker build . --build-arg DERIVED_IMAGE=clearlinux/stacks-dars-mkl -t dars_k8s_spark
```

Verify your built image. Execute the following command looking for the given name dars_k8s_spark

docker images | grep "dars_k8s_spark"

You should see something like:

dars_k8s_spark                               latest              1fa3278a3421        1 minutes ago       6.56GB

Use a variable to store the image’s given name:
```
DARS_K8S_IMAGE=dars_k8s_spark
```

Configure RBAC¶

Create the Spark service account and cluster role binding to allow Spark on Kubernetes to create Executors as required. For this example use the default namespace.

kubectl create serviceaccount spark-serviceaccount --namespace default
kubectl create clusterrolebinding spark-rolebinding --clusterrole=edit --serviceaccount=default:spark-serviceaccount --namespace=default

Prepare to Submit the Spark Job¶

Determine the Kubernetes master address:

kubectl cluster-info

You should see something like:

Kubernetes master is running at https://192.168.39.127:8443

Use a variable to store the master address:

MASTER_ADDRESS='https://192.168.39.127:8443'

Submit the Spark Job on Minikube using the MASTER_ADDRESS and DARS_K8S variables. The driver pod will be called spark-pi-driver.

spark-submit \
--master k8s://${MASTER_ADDRESS} \
--deploy-mode cluster \
--name spark-pi \
--class org.apache.spark.examples.SparkPi \
--conf spark.executor.instances=2 \
--conf spark.kubernetes.container.image=${DARS_K8S_IMAGE} \
--conf spark.kubernetes.driver.pod.name=spark-pi-driver \
--conf spark.kubernetes.namespace=default \
--conf spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.serviceAccountName=spark-serviceaccount \
local:///usr/share/apache-spark/examples/jars/spark-examples_2.12-2.4.0.jar

Check the Job. Read the logs and look for the Pi result:

kubectl logs spark-pi-driver | grep "Pi is roughly"

You should see something like:

Pi is roughly 3.1418957094785473

More information about spark-submit configuration is available in the running-on-kubernetes documentation.

Troubleshooting ¶

Dropped or refused connection¶

If Pyspark / Spark-shell warns of a dropped connection exception or Connection refused, check if the HADOOP_CONF_DIR environment variable is set. These APIs assume they will use Hadoop Distributed File System. You can unset HADOOP_CONF_DIR and use Spark RDDs, or start Hadoop services and then create your directories and files as required using hdfs.

It is also possible to change the file system to local without unsetting HADOOP_CONF_DIR using one of these commands.

pyspark --conf "spark.hadoop.fs.defaultFS=file:///"

spark-shell --conf "spark.hadoop.fs.defaultFS=file:///"

Using Spark with proxy settings¶

There are two ways to work with proxies:

Add the following line to $SPARK_CONF_DIR/spark-defaults.conf for both spark.executor.extraJavaOptions and spark.driver.extraJavaOptions variables:

-Dhttp.proxyHost=<URL> -Dhttp.proxyPort=<PORT> -Dhttps.proxyHost=<URL> -Dhttps.proxyPort=<PORT>

Give the proxies URL and Port as a configuration parameter

pyspark --conf "spark.hadoop.fs.defaultFS=file:///" --conf "spark.driver.extraJavaOptions=-Dhttp.proxyHost=example.proxy -Dhttp.proxyPort=111 -Dhttps.proxyHost=example.proxy -Dhttps.proxyPort=112"

spark-shell --conf "spark.hadoop.fs.defaultFS=file:///" --conf "spark.driver.extraJavaOptions=-Dhttp.proxyHost=example.proxy -Dhttp.proxyPort=111 -Dhttps.proxyHost=example.proxy -Dhttps.proxyPort=112"

Known issues¶

There is an exception message Unrecognized Hadoop major version number: 3.2.0 at org.apache.hadoop.hive.shims.ShimLoader.getMajorVersion.

This exception can be disregarded because DARS does not use hadoop.hive.shims. Hive binaries installed from Apache on Clear Linux OS with JDK11 does not work at the time of this writing.

There is an exception message Exception in thread “Thread-3” java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError at org.apache.hadoop.hive.conf.HiveConf This is related to the same issue with Clear Linux OS and JDK11 noted above, and does not affect DARS for the same reason.

Data Analytics Reference Stack¶

Overview¶

Stack Features¶

Using the Docker images¶

Launching the Image¶

Building DARS images¶

Using Apache Spark* in DARS¶

Execute code directly in PySpark¶

Run Python programs with spark-submit¶

DARS Usecase example¶

Using Apache Hadoop in DARS¶

Single Node Hadoop Cluster Setup¶

Configuration¶

Start the Apache Hadoop daemons¶

Example application¶

Deploy DARS on Kubernetes*¶

Prerequisites¶

Configure RBAC¶

Prepare to Submit the Spark Job¶

Troubleshooting¶

Dropped or refused connection¶

Using Spark with proxy settings¶

Known issues¶

Overview ¶

Using the Docker images ¶

Using Apache Spark* in DARS ¶

Using Apache Hadoop in DARS ¶

Troubleshooting ¶